Pavement Distress | Pavement Interactive
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Apr 15, 2009 - HMA pavement damage that is visible at the surface of the pavement is often called “surface distress”. ... Stripping on the bottom of the HMA layer. ... Possible Causes: Bleeding occurs when asphalt binder fills the .... Generally, as a pavement ages the protruding rough, angular particles become polished.

http://www.pavingexpert.com/pavindex.htm

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jmce/papers/sicete(civil)-v...
III. PAVEMENT DETERIORATION AND ITS TYPES
Pavement deterioration is the process by which distress (defects) develop in the pavement under the combined
effects of traffic loading and environmental conditions.
3.1 Types of pavement deterioration:
The four major categories of common asphalt pavement surface distresses are:
1. Cracking
2. Surface deformation
3. Disintegration (potholes, etc.)
4. Surface defects (bleeding, etc.)
A. Cracking:
The most common types of cracking are:
1. Fatigue cracking
2. Longitudinal cracking
3. Transverse cracking
4. Block cracking
5. Slippage cracking
6. Reflective cracking
7. Edge cracking
1. Fatigue cracking (Alligator cracking):
Fatigue cracking is commonly called alligator cracking. This is a series of interconnected cracks creating
small, irregular shaped pieces of pavement. It is caused by failure of the surface layer or base due to repeated
traffic loading (fatigue). Eventually the cracks lead to disintegration of the surface, as shown in Figure. The final
result is potholes. Alligator cracking is usually associated with base or drainage problems. Small areas may be
fixed with a patch or area repair. Larger areas require reclamation or reconstruction. Drainage must be carefully
examined in all cases.

[....]
***1. Ravelling:
Ravelling is the loss of material from the pavement surface. It is a result of insufficient adhesion between
the asphalt cement and the aggregate. Initially, fine aggregate breaks loose and leaves small, rough patches in
the surface of the pavement. As the disintegration continues, larger aggregate breaks loose, leaving rougher
surfaces. Ravelling can be accelerated by traffic and freezing weather. Some ravelling in chip seals is due to
improper construction technique. This can also lead to bleeding. Repair the problem with a wearing course or an
overlay.***

http://www.pavemanpro.com/article/identifying_asphalt_paveme...
Raveling (very porous asphalt)

Raveling is the on-going separation of aggregate particles in a pavement from the surface downward or from the edges inward. Usually, the fine aggregate wears away first and then leaves little "pock marks" on the pavement surface. As the erosion continues, larger and larger particles are broken free and the pavement soon has the rough and jagged appearance typical of surface erosion.

There are many reasons why raveling can occur, but one common cause is placing asphalt too late in the season. This is because the mixture usually lacks warm weather traffic which reduces pavement surface voids, further densification, and kneading of the asphalt mat. For this reason raveling is more common in the more northern regions(snow belt).

FIX: Apply a thin hot-mix overlay. Other solutions could include: sand seal, chip seal, slurry seal or micro-surfacing.

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Note added at 2 days17 hrs (2016-03-19 05:17:30 GMT)
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cabezas duras -> "hard heads"
Old asphalt with hard heads http://cirospictures.googlepages.com/HardHeadsInAsphalt.jpg