Moniliophthora perniciosa is a fungus responsible for Witches' Broom disease. During the last century the fungus spread throughout all of South America, Panama and the Caribbean, causing great losses in production. The most visible effect can be seen in Brazil where the introduction of the disease in the region of Bahia caused a decrease in production of almost 70% during a period of 10 years.
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Pod Rot, also know as Black Pod, is caused by the fungus Phytophthora spp. Three fungal species of the same genus are responsible - P. palmivora, P. megakarya and P. capsici. The P. palmivora causes global yield loss of 20-30% and tree deaths of 10% annually. P. megakarya is the most important pathogen in Central and West Africa, known as the most aggressive of the Pod Rot pathogens. P. capsici is widespread in Central and South America, causing significant losses in favourable environments.
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This disease is caused by the fungus known as Oncobasidium theobroma. It was first distinguished in the 1960s in Papua New Guinea when it caused heavy losses of trees in mature plantations. The disease has spread ever since and is found in South East Asia, causing major losses in large commercial plantations in Malaysia.